Make a List of Your Concerns. “Be as specific as possible,” says Rick Kellerman, M.D., president-elect of the American Academy of Family Physicians. “Think about when you first felt any symptoms. Was it after you ate, for example, or in the morning? What did it feel like? Dull? Sharp? And how long did it last?” The more prepared you are, the less time you’ll spend answering the doctor’s questions and the more time you’ll have to ask your own. If you’re a first-time visitor, write out your entire medical history, including surgery dates and allergies.

Pack Your Meds.That includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs, as well as herbal medications and vitamin supplements. Toss the original containers into a bag and take them with you, suggests Dr. Kellerman. The doctor can see your prescribed dosage and frequency, which reduces the potential for error.

In the Exam Room

Take Notes. Surveys show that up to 80 percent of patients forget what their doctor has told them as soon as they leave the office. Bring a notepad and write up the highlights of your visit as well as any instructions. If you are prescribed a new medicine, jot down directions and expected side effects.

Keep Asking Until You Understand. No question is too small or silly — and don’t feel bad about having your doctor answer it two or even three times. It helps to repeat what you hear in your own words. Say, “So what you’re saying is.…” That way, you’ll both know you got it. Also ask for handouts on your condition or for good Web sites where you can get more information.

Bring a Buddy. “You may not need company for a regular checkup,” says Dr. Kellerman, “but if you are coming in for test results or have been newly diagnosed with a condition, four ears are always better than two.”

Before You Leave

Get the Doctor’s Number or E-mail Address. Then, if you think of more questions, you’ll know the best way to get an answer.

Figure Out the Next Steps. Do you need a follow-up appointment? How soon can you expect test results?

Ask for Referrals. If you need to see a specialist or want a second opinion, ask your doctor or nurse for a recommendation. Don’t worry about hurting your doctor’s feelings; many will welcome a second opinion. And remember: “You have to look after you first,” says Dr. Kellerman.